{"id":10723,"date":"2026-10-14T07:24:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-14T07:24:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/resources\/carbide-grades-explained\/"},"modified":"2026-10-21T15:02:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T15:02:07","slug":"carbide-grades-explained","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/resources\/carbide-grades-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbide \u724c\u53f7s Explained: How to Read a \u724c\u53f7 \u59d3\u540d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A &#8220;grade&#8221; is the specific combination of carbide substrate and coating. Two \u5200\u7247 with identical geometry and identical shape can have completely different tool life because of the grade. This page explains what varies, and lists every grade we stock against its ISO 513 material group.<\/p>\n<h2>What varies between grades<\/h2>\n<h3>1. Substrate \u2014 grain size and cobalt content<\/h3>\n<p>Tungsten carbide grains are held together by a cobalt binder. The trade-off is fixed by physics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Small grains + low cobalt<\/strong> \u2192 very hard and wear resistant, but brittle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Large grains + high cobalt<\/strong> \u2192 tough and shock resistant, but wears faster.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A finishing grade for steel is hard and fine-grained. A roughing grade for cast iron with sand inclusions is coarse and tough. There is no grade that is best at both.<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u6d82\u5c42 \u2014 CVD versus PVD<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ychl-art-table\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>CVD<\/th>\n<th>PVD<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Deposition temperature<\/td>\n<td>~1000 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>~500 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d82\u5c42 thickness<\/td>\n<td>5\u201320 \u00b5m (thick)<\/td>\n<td>1\u20135 \u00b5m (thin)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Edge condition<\/td>\n<td>Rounded, slightly weaker<\/td>\n<td>Sharp, strong edge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wear resistance<\/td>\n<td>Excellent<\/td>\n<td>\u8df3\u8f6cod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Toughness<\/td>\n<td>Lower<\/td>\n<td>Higher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Typical use<\/td>\n<td>Continuous cuts, high speed, steel and cast iron<\/td>\n<td>Interrupted cuts, low speed, stainless and superalloys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Common layers<\/td>\n<td>TiCN, Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, TiN<\/td>\n<td>TiAlN, AlTiN, TiSiN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The alumina (Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>) layer in CVD coatings is the reason steel cutting speeds went up so much: it is a thermal barrier that keeps heat out of the substrate. PVD coatings are thinner and keep the edge sharp, which is why they dominate stainless, superalloys and milling.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Edge preparation<\/h3>\n<p>A perfectly sharp edge is also a fragile one. Manufacturers hone, brush or round the edge to a few hundredths of a millimetre. A heavily honed edge survives interrupted cuts; a lightly honed one cuts more freely and gives better finish. This is part of the grade, not the geometry.<\/p>\n<h2>How to read grade names<\/h2>\n<p>There is no universal standard for grade names \u2014 every manufacturer has its own system. But most follow a pattern: a prefix for the brand or series, digits that roughly indicate position in the range, and a suffix letter for the intended material group.<\/p>\n<p>In our range you will see suffixes like <strong>P<\/strong> (steel), <strong>M<\/strong> (stainless), <strong>K<\/strong> (cast iron), <strong>S<\/strong> (superalloys), <strong>H<\/strong> (hardened), and <strong>U<\/strong> (universal). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>AC152P<\/code> \u2014 Achteck, steel (P) oriented<\/li>\n<li><code>AC200M<\/code> \u2014 Achteck, stainless (M)<\/li>\n<li><code>AC102K<\/code> \u2014 Achteck, cast iron (K)<\/li>\n<li><code>AP100S<\/code> \u2014 Achteck, superalloys (S)<\/li>\n<li><code>AP151H<\/code> \u2014 Achteck, hardened steel (H)<\/li>\n<li><code>AP251U<\/code> \u2014 Achteck, universal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The digit in the middle generally increases with toughness. So within one brand, a <code>AC052P<\/code> is harder and more wear resistant while <code>AC252P<\/code> is tougher \u2014 the higher number is the safer choice on interrupted cuts.<\/p>\n<h2>Every grade we stock, by material group<\/h2>\n<p>Below is the actual distribution from our catalogue \u2014 40 distinct carbide grades across 4526 insert records. The count is how many insert records in stock are published for that group.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ychl-art-table\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Group<\/th>\n<th>\u724c\u53f7s stocked (most common first)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>P<\/strong> \u94a2<\/td>\n<td>AT210A, AC152P, AC052P, AC252P, AT202, AP251U, AC350P, AP403M, AP351U, AT210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>M<\/strong> Stainless<\/td>\n<td>AP200U, AC200M, AC100M, AP200M, AP301M, AP251U, AP403M, AP351U, AP100S, AP100U<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>K<\/strong> \u94f8\u94c1<\/td>\n<td>AT202, AC102K, AC202K, AP251K, AC301K, AC100K, HS6120, AC151K, PB90, AC251P<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>N<\/strong> \u6709\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e<\/td>\n<td>PD20, HS6120, HS7125, HS7225, HS8115, HS8125, AW100K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>S<\/strong> Superalloys<\/td>\n<td>AC200M, AC100M, AP200U, AP301M, AP403M, AP351U, AP100S, AP351M, AP403S, AP010S<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>H<\/strong> Hardened<\/td>\n<td>PB30, PB60, AP153H, AP151H<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Choosing: the decision order<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u52a0\u5de5\u6750\u6599 group first.<\/strong> A P grade on Inconel will fail quickly regardless of geometry.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Continuous or interrupted?<\/strong> Continuous \u2192 harder, more wear-resistant (CVD). Interrupted \u2192 tougher (PVD or high-cobalt).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7c97\u52a0\u5de5 or finishing?<\/strong> \u7c97\u52a0\u5de5 \u2192 tougher, thicker coating. \u7cbe\u52a0\u5de5 \u2192 sharper, harder, finer grain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rigidity.<\/strong> A weak setup needs a tougher grade even if it costs tool life.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Two practical warnings<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Do not mix grades between roughing and finishing and expect the same speeds.<\/strong> A finishing grade at roughing parameters will chip immediately.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do not judge a grade on the first part.<\/strong> Carbide wear is not linear. \u5bf9\u6bd4 grades on flank wear after a fixed cutting time, at fixed parameters, on the same batch of material.<\/p>\n<h2>Related<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"\/zh\/resources\/iso-513-material-groups\/\">ISO 513 material groups explained<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/zh\/resources\/chipbreaker-selection-guide\/\">\u69fd\u578b and geometry selection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/zh\/resources\/turning-insert-selection-guide\/\">Turning insert selection guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/zh\/resources\/milling-insert-selection-guide\/\">Milling insert selection guide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Standards and further reading<\/h2>\n<p>The material group definitions used throughout this site follow ISO 513. The manufacturer links below are independent technical references.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sandvik.coromant.com\/en-gb\/knowledge\/carbide-inserts\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sandvik Coromant \u2013 Carbide \u5200\u7247 and grades<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kennametal.com\/us\/en\/resources\/technical-information.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kennametal \u2013 Technical information<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A &#8220;grade&#8221; is the specific combination of carbide substrate and coating. Two inserts with identical geometry and identical shape can have completely different tool life because of the grade. This page explains what varies, and lists every grade we stock against its ISO 513 material group. What varies between grades 1. Substrate \u2014 grain size [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2220,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":"","_ychl_meta_desc":"What a carbide grade is, CVD vs PVD coating, how to read grade names across brands, and the 49 grades we stock mapped to ISO 513 groups.","_ychl_model_html":""},"class_list":["post-10723","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10723","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10723"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10734,"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10723\/revisions\/10734"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2220"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ychltools.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}